In Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, decided by the Ninth Circuit on October 22, the court overturned a Biological Opinion issued by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service for the Ruby Pipeline Project, a proposed natural gas pipeline that would extend nearly 700 miles from Wyoming to Oregon, encompassing almost 2,300 acres of federal land and crossing 209 rivers and streams. In finding that the project would not jeopardize any endangered or threatened fish species, the Biological Opinion relied on a series of protective measures outlined in a "Conservation Action Plan." But according to the court, the Fish & Wildlife Service violated the Endangered Species Act, since it did not make the conservation measures enforceable under the Act.
The project sponsor voluntarily agreed to implement the conservation measures, but the measures were not incorporated into the requirements of the Biological Opinion. Rather, the Biological Opinion considered the measures as "cumulative" effects that were separate from the project and against which the project's impacts were measured.
In ruling that this approach was unlawful, the court explained that – while the measures were enforceable through the commitments made by the project sponsor to the federal agencies that had approved the project (the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Bureau of Land Management) – the measures were not enforceable under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The court emphasized that this is not merely a technical distinction. For example, if the project sponsor failed to implement the measures, there was no requirement to reinitiate the ESA consultation process in order to reexamine, and if necessary revise, the Biological Opinion. Equally important, because the measures were not included as requirements in the Biological Opinion, failure to implement them would not create any exposure for the project under the ESA to a citizen lawsuit or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
Instead, enforcement of the measures would lie solely within the discretion of FERC and BLM, who operate under distinct statutory mandates that are not centered on the protection of species. As the court explained: "Congress did not contemplate leaving the federal government's protection of endangered and threatened species to mechanisms other than those specified by the ESA, the statute designed to accomplish that protection. Rather, it entrusted the federal government's protection of listed species and critical habitat to the Act's own provisions and to the Fish & Wildlife Service, the agency with expertise and resources devoted to that purpose."
The basic thrust of the court's decision is that the federal agencies and project sponsor were trying to have it both ways. By relying on the conservation measures, they were able to claim that the project's impact on protected species would be adequately mitigated. But by not including the measures as binding requirements of the Biological Opinion, they insulated the project from the ESA's enforcement scheme.
The case therefore establishes an important rule: a Biological Opinion may rely on conservation measures to make a "no jeopardy" finding – or more broadly, to make other conclusions relating to adverse modification of critical habitat or incidental take statements – only if the measures are included as part of the project such that they are subject to the ESA's consultation and enforcement provisions.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.