Probate is the process by which an individual's Will is certified by a provincial court, if necessary. Where an individual holds certain assets in his or her own name, a probated Will is ordinarily required in order for estate trustees to deal with a variety of those assets (such as bank/investment accounts and Canadian real estate). For its services, the court charges a probate fee based on a percentage of the fair market value of the individual's assets administered under the Will (~1.5% in Ontario – or roughly $15,000 for every $1 million of assets). To make matters worse, assets may be subject to probate fees on multiple occasions (i.e., both spouses may be subject to probate fees on the same assets if they own them individually and they pass to the other on first death).
Intuitively, it seems unfair to pay probate fees on assets that do not otherwise require a probated Will to affect their transfer (such as shares of privately-held family corporations or personal property). Thankfully, there are a number of probate planning opportunities to help reduce these fees.
Jointly-Held Assets
One of the most common forms of probate planning is holding assets jointly with another person. The impact of holding assets jointly is that probate fees are not paid until the death of the last to die of the joint holders. While this is an effective means of avoiding probate fees on multiple occasions, this form of probate planning does not have the effect of eliminating probate fees in their entirety. There are also a variety of other tax and non-tax issues that come with joint ownership of assets.
The Use of Multiple Wills
Another common form of probate planning is the use of “multiple Wills” – one Will that deals with those assets for which a probated Will is required (often called a “public Will”) and another Will that deals with those assets for which a probated Will is not required (often called a “private Will”). When multiple Wills are used, only the fair market value of those assets that form part of the public Will are subject to probate fees. Probate fees can accordingly be avoided to the extent of the fair market value of those assets forming part of the private Will.
Advanced Probate Planning
There are other more advanced probate planning techniques that allow assets that would typically form part of the public Will (and thus be subject to probate fees) avoid probate altogether, including “bare trustee corporation planning” and alter-ego or joint partners trusts, where available.
Conclusion
A comprehensive tax and estate plan can reduce – or even eliminate – probate fees that might otherwise be owing upon death. In many cases, the savings can be significant and can be achieved on a cost-effective basis. The failure to consider probate planning options – and tax options in general – can undermine even the best estate plan.
Originally Published by Minden Gross, November 2020
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.