The first discretionary trust that I ever drafted for a client was about 21 years ago, which means that I've now gone full circle with the trust, having seen its "birth" and recent "death." For discretionary family trusts, 21 years is an important anniversary date, because they only have a tax life span of 21 years, as they are deemed to have sold all of their assets on each 21st anniversary. So, if the appropriate planning is not done, the family trust could potentially be subject to a deemed capital gain. In order to avoid this deemed tax hit, you may want to consider winding up the trust (hence its "death") and distributing the trust capital to the beneficiaries before the 21st anniversary.
The exception to this type of planning is where the assets of the trust do not have a pregnant gain that has not yet been realized (for example, if the assets are made up of GICs or other cash equivalents, with no inherit gain, then the deemed disposition rules would not trigger any capital gain). If, however, the assets include shares of a company that might have been put in place as part of an estate freeze, then you should consider distributing those shares out to the beneficiaries (assuming of course that the underlying company has grown in value).
Distributions
The general rule regarding distributions out of a trust is that trust capital (not income) can be distributed out of a discretionary family trust on a tax-deferred basis to a beneficiary (i.e., the trust is deemed to have disposed of the trust assets at the trust's cost base, as opposed to the fair market value of the assets). However, there are a couple of instances in which tax could be triggered at the trust level on any such capital distribution.
1. Non-resident beneficiary. If your children are beneficiaries of a trust and are resident outside of Canada, you cannot distribute tax-free to them (the trust will be subject to a deemed disposition at fair market value of the trust assets distributed out to such non-resident beneficiaries). However, if the class of beneficiaries includes a corporate beneficiary (a Canadian resident company held by such non-resident children), then the trust assets could be distributed to the Canadian resident company as opposed to the non-resident children in order to avoid the tax to the trust.
If the trust does not include a corporate beneficiary, then possible alternatives could include varying the trust to add corporate beneficiaries or having the non-resident beneficiary assign his or her interest in the trust to a Canadian company. But there are certain tax issues that may prevent these options unless properly addressed with your advisor.
2. Attribution rules. A more dangerous tax trap is the application of the attribution rule commonly referred to as the "reversionary trust rule" under s. 75(2) of the Income Tax Act. In a nutshell, if s. 75(2) ever applied to a trust (even for one moment in time), then you lose the ability to distribute capital out of the trust on a tax-deferred basis, even if to a Canadian resident beneficiary. So in order to avoid this trap, it is important to understand when the reversionary trust rules will apply.
Reversionary trust rule
This rule will apply to a trust where property contributed to a trust is held on condition that the property (or substituted property)
- may revert to the person from whom the property was directly or indirectly received (i.e., the contributor);
- may pass to persons determined by the contributor after the creation of the trust; or
- may not be disposed of during the contributor's life/existence without his or her consent/ direction (for example, the contributor has a veto power over how the property is distributed).
The danger with this rule is that even if you cure the trust of this tax problem, the damage is already done. The trust will be forever tainted, and it will always be subject to a deemed disposition at fair market value when distributing to a beneficiary (even if such person is a resident of Canada). The only two exceptions to such deemed disposition are:
- If the trust distributes to the contributor or his/her spouse; or
- After the date of death of the contributor.
Next time: Strategies to avoid the reversionary trust nightmare
Previously published in The Fund Library on August 4, 2021, by tax lawyer, Samantha Prasad. Portions of this article first appeared in The TaxLetter, ©2021 by MPL Communications Ltd. Used with permission.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
